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原則 12 多用動詞,少用名詞2

不要把動詞和形容詞名詞化。

詞語名詞化在寫作中是一個十分重要的概念,它描述的是動詞和形容詞轉化成名詞的過程。名詞化在寫作中會弱化文章內容的原因有很多,其中主要是因為它會使句子更長,使讀者提取句子含義時更費力。下面是幾個名詞化的例子。

避免動詞轉化為名詞

動詞 名詞

減少(reduce) 減少(reduction)

發展、制定(develop) 發展性、制定(development)

依靠(rely) 可靠性(reliability)

因此,「成本的減少(reduction of costs)」最好寫作「減少成本(reduce costs)」,「5年計劃的制定(development of a 5-year plan)」最好寫作「制定5年計劃(develop a 5-year plan)」,「數據的可靠性(reliability of the data)」最好寫作「依靠數據(rely on the data)」。

避免形容詞轉化為名詞

形容詞 名詞

精確的(precise) 精確性(precision)

創新的(creative) 創造性(creativity)

合理的(reasonable) 合理性(reasonableness)

因此,「測量的精確性(precision of measurements)」最好寫作「精確的測量(precise measurements)」,「個體的創造性(creativity of inpiduals)」最好寫作「創新的個體(creative inpiduals)」,「工作時間的合理性(reasonableness of working hours)」最好寫作「合理的工作時間(reasonable working hours)」。

另外,任何英文動詞加「ing」都可以轉化為名詞(稱為動名詞,例如speaking, carrying, engaging)。

例句

原句

學校裡學生飲酒的行為是否被允許?

(Is the drinking of alcohol by students allowed on campus?)

較好

學生可以在學校飲酒嗎?

(May students drink alcohol on campus?)

動名詞「drinking」最好換成動詞「drink」。

練習

重寫下列句子,把名詞換成動詞或形容詞。參考答案見第136頁。

1.業餘自行車手必須用心做好個人訓練計劃的制定。

(Amateur cyclists must work on the development of their own training programs.)

2.做決斷的無能是軍事領導人最隱秘的敵人。

(The inability to make decisions is a military leader's darkest enemy.)

3.專家組的最佳預測是,新的清潔大氣法案的施行將帶來20%的污染減少。

(The expert panel's best estimate includes a 20 percent reduction inpollution as a result of the implementation of the new clean air bill.)

4.大多數營養學家提倡,將減少高脂食物的食用和降低碳水化合物的攝入作為減肥的最佳方法。

(Most dietitians advocate cutting down on the eating of fatty foods and reducing the intake of carbohydrates as the best means of losing weight.)

5.通情達理和公正無私不在政治家的強項之列。

(Reasonableness and evenhandedness were not among the politician's strong suits.)

6.入學考試的標準化有益於保證學生平等申請大學和研究院項目。

(The standardization of entrance exams helps ensure that students can apply to college and graduate school programs on an equal footing.)

7.聽名流人士在電視上大肆誇耀他們的政治觀點不應視作行為的不得體。

(Hearing celebrities airing their political views on television should not be viewed as done in bad taste.)

8.在第一次網絡蕭條之前,使用傳統核算公式對互聯網公司進行估值的適用性從未受到投資人的真正質疑。

(The applicability of using traditional accounting formulas for the valuation of Internet companies was never seriously questioned byinvestors prior to the first dot-com bust.)

9.我們的主管做出同意解聘三名員工的決定。

(Our supervisor made a decision in favor of firing three employees.)

10.應當鼓勵顯示出創新性和自主性的個人追求他們的夢想。

(Inpiduals who exhibit creativity and spontaneity should be encouraged to follow their dreams.)