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原則 13 3使用平行句式

用一致、平行的形式表達連串事物。

寫作中的平行,是指一句話中相似的部分應當使用相同的方式表達,從而使句子表達更加清晰有力。注意下列句子的平行形式:「高校企業創造、資助、推廣了這個神奇的新工具。(The high school entrepreneur created, financed, and marketed the new miracle tool.)」非平行形式:「高校企業參與了這個神奇的新工具的創造,確保了它的融資,並花費時間使產品投放市場。(The high school entrepreneur was involved in the creation of a new miracle tool, secured financing for it, and spent time getting the product to market.)」

試著領會前美國總統約翰·F.肯尼迪名言中的平行結構:

讓每個國家都知道——不論它希望我們繁榮還是希望我們衰落——為確保自由的存在和自由的勝利,我們將付出任何代價、承受任何負擔、應付任何艱難、支持任何朋友、反抗任何敵人。

(Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.)

注意☞觀察所有的動詞如何保持平行。另外,再思考《聖經》著名章節中的排比:

虛心的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。哀慟的人有福了,因為他們必得安慰。溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。飢渴慕義的人有福了,因為他們必得飽足。

(Blessed are the poor in spirit:for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.Blessed are they that mourn:for they shall be comforted.Blessed are the meek:for they shall inherit the earth.Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness:for they shall be filled.)

任何性質的詞都可以使用平行結構,最常見的是動詞、介詞和連詞。平行也可能出現在a, an, the等冠詞上。

在羅列一連串事物時,使用平行結構要嚴格遵照原則,即要麼每項前面的詞都重複,要麼只重複第一項前面的詞。因此,對第二項串聯事物的處理,決定了其後所有串聯項的形式。

例1

原句 米格爾去了智利、秘魯,去了厄瓜多爾。

(Miguel went to Chile, Peru, and to Ecuador.)

正確 米格爾去了智利、去了秘魯、去了厄瓜多爾。

(Miguel went to Chile, to Peru, and to Ecuador.)

正確 米格爾去了智利、秘魯、厄瓜多爾。

(Miguel went to Chile, Peru, and Ecuador.)

例2

原句 她喜歡太陽、沙灘和去海邊。

(She likes sun, sand, and going to the sea.)

正確 她喜歡太陽、沙灘和海邊。

(She likes the sun, the sand, and the sea.)

正確 她喜歡太陽、沙灘和海邊。

(She likes the sun, sand and sea.)4

例3

原句 決定採取軍事行動前,首相會見過軍方人員、咨詢最親信的顧問,還研究過最近的民意調查結果。

(The prime minister had met with military personnel, listened to his closest advisors, and had studied a recent poll result before deciding on military action.)

正確 決定採取軍事行動前,首相會見過軍方人員、咨詢過最親信的顧問,還研究過最近的民意調查結果。

(The prime minister had met with military personnel, had listened to his closest advisors, and had studied a recent poll result before deciding on military action.)

正確 決定採取軍事行動前,首相會見過軍方人員、咨詢過最親信的顧問,還研究過最近的民意調查結果。

(The prime minister had met with military personnel, listened to his closest advisors, and studied a recent poll result before deciding on military action.)5

練習1

用平行結構重寫下列句子。參考答案見第138頁。

1.儘管中了彩票,這對老夫妻說他們只計劃花錢買一台新拖拉機、新爐子和一個新門廊。

(Despite winning the lottery, the elderly couple said they planned to spend money only on a new tractor, new stove, and a new porch.)

2.奧林匹克志願者們做好準備、完全有能力、下定決心圓滿完成任務。

(Olympic volunteers were ready, filly able, and were quite determined to do a great job.)

3.這個紀錄片很有趣,充滿各種相關信息。

(The documentary was interesting and replete with pertinent information.)

4.韋恩·格羅斯基深受隊友喜愛,國家冰球聯盟的粉絲都很尊敬他。

(Wayne Gretsky was well-liked by his teammates and National Hockey League fans respected him.)

5.學生可以登陸臉書,花時間閱讀郵件,瀏覽一些博文,然後開心地發推特。

(Students can log onto Facebook, spend time reading email messages, review some blog posts, and then tweet with joy.)

6.基金經理的理論基於股票行情、債券行情,基於其他主要經濟指標。

(The fund manager based his theory on stock performance, bond performance, and on other leading economic indicators.)

7.這位舞者教她的替補演員如何走位、著裝,如何與編舞者和攝影師合作。

(The dancer taught her understudy how to move, to dress, how to work with choreographers and deal with photographers.)

8.正如優秀律師的好建議能夠幫助贏得訴訟案件一樣,一場體育比賽也能因為優秀教練的好建議而取勝。

(Just as the sound advice of a good lawyer can help win a court case so too can a sports match be won by the sound advice of a good coach.)

9.佛教認為,恐懼、憤怒的感覺和不必要的慾望導致痛苦。消除恐懼、憤怒的感覺和不必要的慾望,你就能消除痛苦。

(According to the Buddhist mantra, fearfulness, feelings of anger, and needless desire lead to suffering. Eliminate fearfulness, feeling of anger, and needless desire and you eliminate suffering.)

10.我對即將進行的彈劾表示反對,首先是這件事情的個人性,其次它是盲目的。

(My objections regarding the pending impeachment are, first, the personal nature of the matter, second, that it is partisan.)

省略表達

當句子去掉某些詞仍然能保證語意清楚時,也會涉及表達的平行形式。在平行句式中使用動詞、介詞和連詞時,可能會出現三種棘手的情況。就動詞(或動詞形式)和介詞而言,第二個動詞或介詞如果與第一個相同,可以省略。檢查平行結構是否有誤,只需完成句子的每個含義成分,確保句子的每個部分都能夠獨立。例如,句子「The speech was informative and funny.(演講內容豐富有趣)」不必寫作「The speech was informative and was funny.」因為第二個動詞「was」與第一個動詞相同,不需寫出。

動詞

原句 在我最喜歡的日本料理店,刺身很棒,飲料很貴。

(In my favorite Japanese restaurant, the sushi is excellent and the drinks expensive.)

改正 在我最喜歡的日本料理店,刺身很棒,飲料很貴。

(In my favorite Japanese restaurant, the sushi is excellent and the drinks are expensive.)6

解說☞句子第二部分的動詞與句子第一部分用的動詞不一樣,因此必須寫出來。

介詞

原句 約翰對高爾夫很感興趣但不太擅長。

(John is interested but not very good at golf.)

改正 約翰對高爾夫很感興趣但不太擅長。

(John is interested in but not very good at golf.)7

解說☞句子第二部分的介詞與句子第一部分用的介詞不一樣,因此必須寫出來。

關聯詞

關聯詞包括「或者……或者……」「既不……也不……」「不僅……而且……」「既……又……」。如果動詞放在關聯詞前半部分的前面,則動詞不需重複;如果動詞放在關聯詞前半部分的後面,那麼它也要放在關聯詞後半部分的後面。

原句 她不僅喜歡沙灘排球還喜歡滑雪。

(She not only likes beach volleyball but also snow skiing.)

改正 她不僅喜歡沙灘排球還喜歡滑雪。

(She likes not only beach volleyball but also snow skiing.)

改正 她不僅喜歡沙灘排球還喜歡滑雪。

(She not only likes beach volleyball but also likes snow skiing.)8

注意☞上面第一種改正用法更為普遍。

練習2

運用平行結構重寫下列句子。參考答案見第140頁。

1.這幅畫可以用水彩或油墨繪成。

(The painting may be done with watercolors or oils.)

2.塔斯馬尼亞一直以來都是島嶼,未來還會是。

(Tasmania has and always will be an island.)

3.誰不會為這一事實感興趣和震驚——100萬秒以前就是11.5天前;10億秒以前就是31年前;一萬億秒以前就是310個世紀或31千年前!

(Who is not interested and astounded by this fact?A million seconds ago was 11. 5 days ago;a billion seconds ago was 31 years ago;a trillion seconds ago was 310 centuries ago or 31 millennia ago!)

4.按摩為你的身體和心理創造放鬆、療愈和修復的體驗。

(Massage creates a relaxing, therapeutic, and rejuvenating experience both for your body and your well-being.)

5.薩曼莎對筆跡分析著迷,但不太精通。

(Samantha is intrigued but not very proficient at handwriting analysis.)

6.一位優秀科學家的思考不僅要有邏輯性,還要有創造性。

(A good scientist not only thinks logically but also creatively.)

7.布萊恩不願意詢問也不願意聽取任何建議。

(Brian will not ask or listen to any advice.)

8.我們要麼忘記自己的計劃,要麼接受他們的提議。

(Either we forget our plans or accept their proposal.)

9.許多年輕從業人員面臨兩難問題:工作是為了金錢還是樂趣?

(A dilemma facing many young professionals is whether to work for money or work for enjoyment.)

10.一個人既不應該向好友說謊,也不應該因自視甚高而不告訴他們實情。

(Neither should one lie to good friends nor be so patronizing as to not to tell them the truth.)

寫作一部分是科學,一部分是藝術。需要建構且遵循規則的部分是科學,可以根據每種情境進行變化的部分是藝術。