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第四章

坊間有大量的書籍講述美國西南部的史前史以供大眾閱讀,有的還有彩色插圖。比如Robert Lister與Florence Lister合著的Chaco Canyon(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981)、Stephen Lekson的Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 1986)、William Ferguson和Arthur Rohn合著的Anasazi Ruins of the Southwest in Color(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 1987)、Linda Cordell的Ancient Pueblo Peoples(Montreal:St.Remy Press, 1994)、Stephen Plog的Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest(New York:Thames and Hudson, 1997)、Linda Cordell的Archaeology of the Soutwest, 2nd ed.(San Diego:Academic Press, 1997),以及David Stuart的Anasazi America(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 2000)。

還有三本介紹明佈雷斯彩陶光輝史的圖書也不可錯過:J.J.Brod的Mimbres Painted Pottery(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1997);Steven LeBlanc的The Mimbres People:Ancient Pueblo Painters of the American Southwest(London:Thames and Hudson, 1983);以及Tony Berlant、Steven LeBlanc、Catherine Scott和J.J.Brod合著的Mimbres Pottery:Ancient Art of the American Southwest(New York:Hudson Hills Press, 1983)。

有關阿納薩茲人和其鄰近部落間的戰爭與暴力的詳細描述可以參閱下列三部專著:Christy Turner Ⅱ與Jacqueline Turner合著的Man Corn:Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest(Salt Lake City:University of Utah Press, 1999);Steven LeBlanc的Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest(Salt Lake City:University of Utah Press, 1999);以及Jonathan Haas與Winifred Creamer合著的Stress and Warfare Among the Kayenta Anasazi of the Thirteenth Century A.D.(Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History, 1993)。

關於美國西南族群的論文和學術著作有Paul Minnis的Social Adaptation to Food Stress:A Prehistoric Southwestern Example(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1985);W.H.Wills的Early Prehistoric Agriculture in the American Southwest(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1988);R.Gwinn Vivian的The Chacoan Prehistory of the San Juan Basin(San Diego:Academic Press, 1990);Lynne Sebastian的The Chaco Anasazi:Sociopolitical Evolution and the Prehistoric Southwest(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1992);以及Charles Redman的People of the Tonto Rim:Archaeology Discovery in Prehistoric Arizona(Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993)。Eric Force、R.Gwinn Vivian、Thomas Windes和Jeffrey Dean四人在他們的論文Relation of「Bonito」Paleo-channel and Base-level Variations to Anasazi Occupation, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico(Tucson:Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, 2002)中重新評價了河道下蝕對查科峽谷水位下降的影響。所有和林鼠貝塚相關的資料你都可以從Julio Betancourt、Thomas Van Devender和Paul Martin合著的Packrat Middens(Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1990)一書中獲得。

不少論文集收錄許多專家寫的關於美國西南部的文章,如David Grant Nobel編輯的New Light on Chaco Canyon(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1984);George Gumerman編輯的The Anasazi in a Changing Environment(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988);Patricia Crown與W.James Judge共同編輯的Chaco and Hohokam:Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1991);David Doyel編輯的Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System(Albuquerque:Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, 1992);Michael Adler編輯的The Prehistoric Pueblo World A.D. 1150-1350(Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1996);Jill Neitzel編輯的Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast(Dragoon, Ariz.:Amerind Foundation, 1999);Michelle Hegmon編輯的The Archaeology of Regional Interaction:Religion, Warfare, and Exchange Across the American Southwest and Beyond(Boulder:University Press of Colorado, 2000);以及Michael Diehl與Steven LeBlanc的Early Pithous Villages of the Mimbres Valley and Beyond(Cambridge, Mass.:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 2001)。

本書引用的參考書目可作為撰寫美國西南部研究論文的路標,與本章有關的幾篇論文在此將單獨列出。Julio Betancourt與其同事共同發表的論文能使我們瞭解古代查科峽谷的植被,如Julio Bctuncourl和Thomas Van Devender合作發表的「Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico」(Science 214:656-658(1981));Michael Samuels和Julio Betancourt的「Modeling the long-term effects of fuelwood harvests on pinyon-juniper woodlands」(Environmental Management 6:505-515(1982));以及Julio Betancourt、Jeffrey Dean和Herbert Hull合作發表的「Prehistoric long-distance transport of construction beams, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico」(American Antiquity 51:370-375(1986))。下面兩篇論文涉及的在不同時期,阿納薩茲木頭使用的變化:Timothy Kohler和Meredith Matthews合作發表的「Long-term Anasazi land use and forest production:a case study of Southwest Colorado」(American Antiquity 53:537-564(1988))、Thomas Windes和Dabney Ford合寫的「The Chaco wood project:the chronometric reappraisal of Pueblo Bonito」(Amercian Antiquity 61:295-310(1996))。William Bull在他的論文「Discontinuous ephemeral streams」(Geomorphology 19:227-276(1997))中對於河床下切的複雜成因提出了很好的見解。關於利用鍶的同位素來辨別查科峽谷的木材和玉米具體來自哪個地區,有兩篇論文可供參閱。木材方面的研究見Nathan English、Julio Betancourt、Jeffrey Dean與Jay Quade合作發表的「Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon,New Mexico」(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98:11891-11896(2001));玉米方面的研究見Larry Benson等人發表的「Ancient maize from Chacoan great houses:where was it grown?」(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100:13111-13115(2003))。R.L.Axtell等人在他們的論文「Population growth and collapse in a multiagent model of the Kayenta Anasazi in Long House Valley」(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99:7275-7279(2002))詳細描述了生活在長屋谷一帶的卡彥塔阿納薩茲人的人口總數和可能採用的農業方式。