1. 我們求知的動力
1 Alvin Toffler,Future Shock (New York: Random House, 1970), 26.
2 「Chronology: Reuters, from Pigeons to Multimedia Merger,」Reuters,February 19, 2008, accessed October 27, 2014, https://www .reuters.com/article/2008/02/19/us-reuters-thomson-chronology-idUSL1849100620080219.
3 Toffler,Future Shock, 13.
4 Albert Einstein,Einstein』s Essays in Science (New York: Wisdom Library,1934), 112.
2. 好奇心
1 Maureen A. O』Leary et al., 「The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals,」Science 339 (February 8, 2013): 662–67.
2 Julian Jaynes,The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the BicameralMind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 9.
3 For the story of Lucy and her significance, see Donald C. Johanson,Lucys』Legacy (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009). See also Douglas S. Massey,「A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life,」American Sociological Review 67 (2002): 1–29.
4 B. A. Wood, 「Evolution of Australopithecines,」 inThe CambridgeEncyclopedia of Human Evolution, ed. Stephen Jones, Robert D. Martin, andDavid R. Pilbeam (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 239.
5 Carol. V. Ward et al., 「Complete Fourth Metatarsal and Arches in the Foot ofAustralopithecus afarensis,」Science 331 (February 11, 2011): 750–53.
6 4 × 106 years ago = 2 × 105 generations; 2 × 105 houses × 100-foot-wide lot foreach house ÷ 5,000 feet per mile = 4,000 miles.
7 James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn,Science and Technology in World History, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 6–7.
8 Javier DeFelipe, 「The Evolution of the Brain, the Human Nature of CorticalCircuits, and Intellectual Creativity,」Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 5 (May2011): 1–17.
9 Stanley H. Ambrose, 「Paleolothic Technology and Human Evolution,」Science291 (March 2, 2001): 1748–53.
10 「What Does It Mean to Be Human?」 Smithsonian Museum of NaturalHistory, accessed October 27, 2014, www .humanorigins.si.edu.
11 Johann De Smedt et al., 「Why the Human Brain Is Not an Enlarged Chimpanzee Brain,」 inHuman Characteristics: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Mind and Kind, ed. H. Hogh-Olesen, J. Tonnesvang, and P. Bertelsen(Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2009), 168–81.
12 Ambrose, 「Paleolothic Technology and Human Evolution,」 1748–53.
13 R. Peeters et al., 「The Representation of Tool Use in Humans and Monkeys:Common and Uniquely Human Features,」Journal of Neuroscience 29(September 16, 2009): 11523–39; Scott H. Johnson-Frey, 「The Neural Bases of Complex Tool Use in Humans,」TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences 8 (February 2004): 71–78.
14 Richard P. Cooper, 「Tool Use and Related Errors in Ideational Apraxia: The Quantitative Simulation of Patient Error Profiles,」Cortex 43 (2007): 319;Johnson-Frey, 「The Neural Bases,」 71–78.
15 Johanson,Lucy』s Legacy, 192–93.
16 Ibid., 267.
17 Andras Takacs-Santa, 「The Major Transitions in the History of Human Transformation of the Biosphere,」Human Ecology Review 11 (2004):51–77. Some researchers believe that modern human behavior emerged first earlier, in Africa, and then was brought to Europe in a 「second out-of-Africa」migration. See, for example, David Lewis-Williams and David Pearce,Inside the Neolithic Mind (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), 18; Johanson,Lucy』s Legacy, 257–62.
18 Robin I. M. Dunbar and Suzanne Shultz, 「Evolution in the Social Brain,」Science 317 (September 7, 2007): 1344–47.
19 Christopher Boesch and Michael Tomasello, 「Chimpanzee and Human Cultures,」Current Anthropology 39 (1998): 591–614.
20 Lewis Wolpert, 「Causal Belief and the Origins of Technology,」Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 361 (2003): 1709–19.
21 Daniel J. Povinelli and Sarah Dunphy-Lelii, 「Do Chimpanzees Seek Explanations? Preliminary Comparative Investigations,」Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (2001): 185–93.
22 Frank Lorimer,The Growth of Reason (London: K. Paul, 1929); quoted in Arthur Koestler,The Act of Creation (London: Penguin, 1964), 616.
23 Dwight L. Bolinger, ed.,Intonation: Selected Readings. (Harmondsworth,U.K.: Penguin, 1972), 314; Alan Cruttenden,Intonation (Cambridge, U.K.:Cambridge University Press, 1986), 169–17.
24 Laura Kotovsky and Renee Baillargeon, 「The Development of CalibrationBased Reasoning About Collision Events in Young Infants,」Cognition 67(1998): 313–51.
3. 文化
1 James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn,Science and Technology in WorldHistory, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 9–12.
2 Many of these developments had had precursors among older nomadic groups,but the technologies did not flourish, for the products did not fit the wanderinlifestyle. See McClellan and Dorn, –Science and Technology, 2021.
3 Jacob L. Weisdorf, 「From Foraging to Farming: Explaining the NeolithicRevolution,」Journal of Economic Surveys 19 (2005): 562–86; Elif Batuman,「The Sanctuary,」New Yorker, December 19, 2011, 72–83.
4 Marshall Sahlins,Stone Age Economics (New York: Aldine Atherton, 1972),1–39.
5 Ibid., 21–22.
6 Andrew Curry, 「Seeking the Roots of Ritual,」Science 319 (January 18,2008): 278–80; Andrew Curry, 「Gobekli Tepe: The World』s First Temple?,」Smithsonian Magazine, November 2008, accessed November 7, 2014, http: //www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/gobekli-tepe.html; CharlesC. Mann, 「The Birth of Religion,」 –National Geographic, June 2011, 3459;Batuman, 「The Sanctuary.」
7 Batuman, 「The Sanctuary.」
8 Michael Balter, 「Why Settle Down? The Mystery of Communities,」Science20 (November 1998): 1442–46.
9 Curry, 「Gobekli Tepe.」
10 McClellan and Dorn,Science and Technology, 17–22.
11 Balter, 「Why Settle Down?,」 1442–46.
12 Marc Van De Mieroop,A History of the Ancient Near East (Malden, Mass.:Blackwell, 2007), 21. See also Balter, 「Why Settle Down?,」 1442–46.
13 Balter, 「Why Settle Down?,」 1442–46; David Lewis-Williams and David Pearce,Inside the Neolithic Mind (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005),77–78.
14 Ian Hodder, 「Women and Men at Catalhoyuk,」Scientific American, January 2004, 81.
15 Ian Hodder, 「Catalhoyuk in the Context of the Middle Eastern Neolithic,」Annual Review of Anthropology 36 (2007): 105–20.
16 Anil K. Gupta, 「Origin of Agriculture and Domestication of Plants and Animals Linked to Early Holocene Climate Amelioration,」Current Science87 (July 10, 2004); Van De Mieroop,History of the Ancient Near East, 11.
17 L. D. Mlodinow and N. Papanicolaou, 「SO (2, 1) Algebra and the Large N Expansion in Quantum Mechanics,」Annals of Physics 128 (1980):314–34; L. D. Mlodinow and N. Papanicolaou, 「Pseudo-Spin Structure and Large N Expansion for a Class of Generalized Helium Hamiltonians,」Annals of Physics 131 (1981): 1–35; Carl Bender, L. D. Mlodinow, and N.Papanicolaou, 「Semiclassical Perturbation Theory for the Hydrogen Atom in a Uniform Magnetic Field,」Physical Review A 25 (1982): 1305–14.
18 Jean Durup, 「On the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry,」Laser Chemistry 7(1987): 239–59. See also D. J. Doren and D. R. Herschbach, 「Accurate Semiclassical Electronic Structure from Dimensional Singularities,」Chemical Physics Letters 118 (1985): 115–19; J. G. Loeser and D. R.Herschbach, 「Dimensional Interpolation of Correlation Energy for TwoElectron Atoms,」Journal of Physical Chemistry 89 (1985): 3444–47.
19 Andrew Carnegie,James Watt (New York: Double-day, 1933), 45–64.
20 T. S. Eliot,The Sacred Wood and Major Early Essays (New York: DoverPublications, 1997), 72. First published in 1920.
21 Gergely Csibra and Gyorgy Gergely, 「Social Learning and Cognition: The Case for Pedagogy,」 inProcesses in Brain and Cognitive Development, ed.Y. Munakata and M. H. Johnson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006):249–74.
22 Christophe Boesch, 「From Material to Symbolic Cultures: Culture in Primates,」 inThe Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology, ed. JuanValsiner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 677–92. See also SharonBegley, 「Culture Club,」Newsweek, March 26, 2001, 48–50.
23 Boesch, 「From Material to Symbolic Cultures.」 See also Begley, 「Culture Club」; Bennett G. Galef Jr., 「Tradition in Animals: Field Observations and Laboratory Analyses,」 inInterpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior,ed. Marc Bekoff and Dale Jamieson (Oxford: Westview Press, 1990).
24 Boesch, 「From Material to Symbolic Cultures.」 See also Begley, 「Culture Club.」
25 Heather Pringle, 「The Origins of Creativity,」Scientific American, March 2013, 37–43.
26 Michael Tomasello,The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), 5–6, 36–41.
27 Fiona Coward and Matt Grove, 「Beyond the Tools: Social Innovation and Hominin Evolution,」PaleoAnthropology (special issue, 2011): 111–29.
28 Jon Gertner,The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Knowledge (New York: Penguin, 2012), 41–42.
29 Pringle, 「Origins of Creativity,」 37–43.
4. 文明
1 Robert Burton, inThe Anatomy of Melancholy (1621); George Herbert, inJacula Prudentum (1651); William Hicks, inRevelation Revealed (1659);Shnayer Z. Leiman, 「Dwarfs on the Shoulders of Giants,」Tradition, Spring1993. Use of the phrase actually seems to go all the way back to the twelfthcentury.
2 Marc Van De Mieroop,A History of the Ancient Near East (Malden, Mass.:Blackwell, 2007), 21–23.
3 Ibid., 12–13, 23.
4 Some scholars estimate the population as high as 200,000. For example, seeJames E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn,Science and Technology in WorldHistory, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 33.
5 Van De Mieroop,History of the Ancient Near East, 24–29.
6 McClellan and Dorn,Science and Technology in World History, 41–42.
7 David W. Anthony,The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-AgeRiders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 2010), 61.
8 Van De Mieroop,History of the Ancient Near East, 26.
9 Marc Van De Mieroop,The Ancient Mesopotamian City (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1997), 46–48.
10 Van De Mieroop,History of the Ancient Near East, 24, 27.
11 Elizabeth Hess,Nim Chimpsky (New York: Bantam Books, 2008), 240–41.
12 Susana Duncan, 「Nim Chimpsky and How He Grew,」New York, December 3,1979, 84. See also Hess,Nim Chimpsky,22.
13 T. K. Derry and Trevor I. Williams,A Short History of Technology (Oxford:Oxford University Press: 1961), 214–15.
14 Steven Pinker,The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (NewYork: Harper Perennial, 1995), 26.
15 Georges Jean,Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts (New York:Henry N. Abrams, 1992), 69.
16 Jared Diamond,Guns, Germs and Steel (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 60,218. Regarding the New World, see Maria del Carmen Rodriguez Martinez et al., 「Oldest Writing in the New World,」Science 313 (September 15,2006): 1610–14; John Noble Wilford, 「Writing May Be Oldest in Western Hemisphere,」New York Times, September 15, 2006. These describe a block with a hitherto unknown system of writing that has recently been found in the Olmec heartland of Veracruz, Mexico. Stylistic and other dating of the block places it in the early first millennium b.c., the oldest writing in the New World, with features that firmly assign this pivotal development to the Olmec civilization of Mesoamerica.
17 Patrick Feaster, 「Speech Acoustics and the Keyboard Telephone: Rethinking Edison』s Discovery of the Phonograph Principle,」ARSC Journal 38, no. 1(Spring 2007): 10–43; Diamond,Guns, Germs and Steel, 243.
18 Jean,Writing: The Story of Alphabets, 12–13.
19 Van De Mieroop,History of the Ancient Near East, 30–31.
20 Ibid., 30; McClellan and Dorn,Science and Technology in World History, 49.
21 Jean,Writing: The Story of Alphabets, 14.
22 Derry and Williams,A Short History of Technology, 215.
23 Stephen Bertman,Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia (New York:Facts on File, 2003), 148, 301.
24 McClellan and Dorn,Science and Technology in World History, 47; AlbertineGaur,A History of Writing (New York: Charles Scribner』s Sons, 1984), 150.
25 Sebnem Arsu, 「The Oldest Line in the World,」New York Times, February 14,2006, 1.
26 Andrew Robinson,The Story of Writing (London: Thames and Hudson,1995), 162–67.
27 Derry and Williams,A Short History of Technology, 216.
28 Saint Augustine,De Genesi ad Litteram (The Literal Meaning of Genesis),completed in a.d. 415.
29 Morris Kline,Mathematics in Western Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952), 11.
30 Ann Wakeley et al., 「Can Young Infants Add and Subtract?,」Child Development 71 (November–December 2000): 1525–34.
31 Morris Kline,Mathematical Thought from the Ancient to Modern Times, vol.1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 184– 86, 259–60.
32 Kline,Mathematical Thought, 19–21.
33 Roger Newton,From Clockwork to Crapshoot (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 2007), 6.
34 Edgar Zilsel, 「The Genesis of the Concept of Physical Law,」The Philosophical Review 3, no. 51 (May 1942): 247.
35 Robert Wright,The Evolution of God (New York: Little, Brown, 2009),71–89.
36 Joseph Needham, 「Human Laws and the Laws of Nature in China and the West, Part I,」Journal of the History of Ideas 12 ( January 1951): 18.
37 Wright,Evolution of God, 87–88.
38 「Code of Hammurabi, c. 1780 BCE,」 Internet Ancient History Sourcebook,Fordham University, March 1998, accessed October 27, 2014, https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp; 「Law Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon,」 Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Mesopotamia, the Louvre,accessed October 27, 2014, https://www.louvre.fr/en /oeuvre-notices/law-codehammurabi-king-babylon; Mary Warner Marien and William Fleming,Fleming』s Arts and Ideas (Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005), 8.
39 Needham, 「Human Laws and the Laws of Nature,」 3–30.
40 Zilsel, 「The Genesis of the Concept of Physical Law,」 249.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid., 265–67.
43 Ibid., 279.
44 Albert Einstein,Autobiographical Notes (Chicago: Open Court Publishing,1979), 3–5.
5. 推理
1 Daniel C. Snell,Life in the Ancient Near East (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 140–41.
2 A. A. Long, 「The Scope of Early Greek Philosophy,」 inThe CambridgeCompanion to Early Greek Philosophy, ed. A. A. Long (Cambridge, U.K.:Cambridge University Press, 1999).
3 Albert Einstein to Maurice Solovine, March 30, 1952,Letters to Solovine (NewYork: Philosophical Library, 1987), 117.
4 Albert Einstein, 「Physics and Reality」 inIdeas and Opinions, trans. SonjaBargmann (New York: Bonanza, 1954), 292.
5 Will Durant,The Life of Greece (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1939),134–40; James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn,Science and Technology inWorld History, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006),56–59.
6 Adelaide Glynn Dunham,The History of Miletus: Down to the Anabasis ofAlexander (London: University of London Press, 1915).
7 Durant,The Life of Greece, 136–37.
8 Rainer Maria Rilke,Letters to a Young Poet (1929; New York: Dover, 2002),21.
9 Durant,The Life of Greece, 161–66; Peter Gorman,Pythagoras: A Life(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).
10 Carl Huffman, 「Pythagoras,」 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2011,accessed October 28, 2014, https://plato .stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras.
11 McClellan and Dorn,Science and Technology, 73–76.
12 Daniel Boorstin,The Seekers (New York: Vintage, 1998), 54.
13 Ibid., 316.
14 Ibid., 55.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., 48.
17 See George J. Romanes, 「Aristotle as a Naturalist,」Science 17 (March 6,1891): 128–33.
18 Boorstin,The Seekers, 47.
19 「Aristotle,」 The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed November 7,2014, https://www.iep.utm.edu.
6. 新的推理方式
1 Morris Kline,Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 179.
2 Kline,Mathematical Thought, 204; J. D. Bernal,Science in History, vol. 1(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), 254.
3 Kline,Mathematical Thought, 211.
4 David C. Lindberg,The Beginnings of Western Science: The EuropeanScientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600B.C. to A.D. 1450 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 180–81.
5 Toby E. Huff,The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 74.
6 Ibid., 77, 89. Huff and George Saliba disagree on the origin and nature ofIslamic science, especially the role of astronomy, which has led to a productiveand stimulating discussion in the field. For more on Saliba』s argument, see hisIslamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press, 2007).
7 For more on the situation, see Huff,Rise of Early Modern Science, 276–78.
8 Bernal,Science in History, 334.
9 Lindberg,Beginnings of Western Science, 203–5.
10 J. H. Parry,Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement,1450–1650 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982). See especially Part 1.
11 Huff,Rise of Early Modern Science, 187.
12 Lindberg,Beginnings of Western Science, 206–8.
13 Huff,Rise of Early Modern Science, 92.
14 John Searle,Mind, Language, and Society: Philosophy in the Real World (NewYork: Basic Books, 1999),
15. For more on fourteenth-century conditions, see Robert S. Gottfried,The Black Death (New York: Free Press, 1985), 29.
16 For a sweeping and readable examination of the history of the concept of time, see David Landes,Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1983).
17 Lindberg,Beginnings of Western Science, 303–4.
18 Clifford Truesdell, Essays in the History of Mechanics (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1968).
19 Albert Einstein, in a letter dated January 7, 1943, quoted in Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman,Albert Einstein: The Human Side; New Glimpses from His Archives (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 8.
20 Galileo Galilei,Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New York: Doubleday,1957), 237–38.
21 Henry Petroski,The Evolution of Useful Things (New York: Knopf, 1992),84–86.
22 James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn,Science and Technology in World History, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 180–82.
23 Elizabeth Eisenstein,The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge,U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 46.
24 Louis Karpinski,The History of Arithmetic (New York: Russell and Russell,1965), 68–71; Philip Gaskell,A New Introduction to Bibliography (Oxford,U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1972), 251–65.
25 Bernal,Science in History, 334–35.
26 My discussion of Galileo』s life draws heavily from J. L. Heilbron,Galileo(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), and from Stillman Drake, Galileo at Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
27 Heilbron,Galileo, 61.
28 Galileo may have been suffering from multiple disenchantments. William A. Wallace argues in hisGalileo, the Jesuits, and the Medieval Aristotle(Burlington, Vt.: Variorum, 1991) that Galileo, in preparation for his tenure at Pisa, actually appropriated much of his material from lectures given by Jesuits at the Colegio Romano between 1588 and 1590. Wallace also has a chapter called 「Galileo』s Jesuit Connections and Their Influence on His Science」 in Mordechai Feingold』s collectionJesuit Science and the Republic of Letters (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002).
29 Bernal,Science in History, 429.
30 G. B. Riccioli,Almagestum novum astronomiam (1652), vol. 2, 384;Christopher Graney, 「Anatomy of a Fall: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Story of G,」Physics Today (September 2012): 36.
31 Laura Fermi and Gilberto Bernardini,Galileo and the Scientific Revolution(New York: Basic Books, 1961), 125.
32 Richard Westfall,Force in Newton』s Physics (New York: MacDonald, 1971),1–4. In reality, Jean Buridan, who had been Oresme』s teacher in Paris, had stated a similar law within the framework of the Merton scholars, thoughnot nearly as clearly as Galileo. See John Freely,Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe (New York: Overlook Duckworth,2012), 162–63.
33 Westfall,Force in Newton』s Physics, 41–42.
34 Bernal,Science in History, 406–10; McClellan and Dorn,Science and Technology, 208–14.
35 Bernal,Science in History, 408.
36 Daniel Boorstin,The Discoverers (New York: Vintage, 1983), 314.
37 Freely,Before Galileo, 272.
38 Heilbron,Galileo, 217–20; Drake, Galileo at Work, 252–56.
39 Heilbron,Galileo, 311.
40 William A. Wallace, 「Gallieo』s Jesuit Connections and Their Influence on His Science,」 in Mordechai Feingold, ed.,Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002), 99–112.
41 Karoly Simonyi,A Cultural History of Physics (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press,2012), 198–99.
42 Heilbron,Galileo, 356.
43 Ibid.
44 Drake, Galileo at Work, 436.
7. 力學宇宙
1 Pierre Simon Laplace,Theorie Analytique des Probabilities (Paris: Ve.Courcier, 1812).
2 To understand Sir Isaac Newton in the context of upheaval in seventeenth-century England, see Christopher Hill,The World Turned Upside Down:Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (New York: Penguin History,1984), 290–97.
3 Richard S. Westfall,Never at Rest (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1980), 863. This isthe authoritative biography of Newton, and I haverelied on it accordingly.
4 Ming-Te Wang et al., 「Not Lack of Ability but More Choice: Inpidual andGender Differences in Choice of Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering,and Mathematics,」Psychological Science 24 (May 2013): 770–75.
5 Albert Einstein, 「Principles of Research,」 address to the Physical Society,Berlin, in Albert Einstein,Essays in Science (New York: Philosophical Library,1934), 2.
6 Westfall,Never at Rest, ix.
7 W. H. Newton-Smith, 「Science, Rationality, and Newton,」 in Marcia SweetSt d ayer,e.,Newton』s Dream (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1988), 31.
8 Westfall,Never at Rest, 53.
9 Ibid., 65.
10 Ibid., 155.
11 William H. Cropper,Great Physicists: The Life and Times of LeadingPhysicists from Galileo to Hawking (New York: Oxford University Press,2004), 252.
12 Westfall,Never at Rest, 70–71, 176–79.
13 Richard Westfall,The Life of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 71, 77–81.
14 See the chapter 「A Private Scholar & Public Servant,」 in 「Footprints of the Lion: Isaac Newton at Work,」 Cambridge University Library — Newton Exhibition, accessed October 28, 2014, www.lib.cam .ac.uk/exhibitions/Footprints_of_the_Lion/private_scholar.html.
15 W. H. Newton-Smith, 「Science, Rationality, and Newton,」 inNewton』s Dream, ed. Marcia Sweet Stayer (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1988),31–33.
16 Richard S. Westfall,Never at Rest, 321–24, 816–17.
17 Paul Strathern,Mendeleev』s Dream (New York: Berkley Books, 2000), 32.
18 Westfall,Never at Rest, 368.
19 I wrote a memoir about that period in my life; see Leonard Mlodinow,Feynman』s Rainbow: A Search for Beauty in Physics and in Life (New York:Vintage, 2011).
20 Newton-Smith, 「Science, Rationality, and Newton,」 32–33.
21 Westfall,Never at Rest, 407.
22 Ibid., 405.
23 Richard Westfall,Force in Newton』s Physics (New York: MacDonald, 1971),463.
24 As measured in 「Parisian feet,」 which are 1.0568 of the usual feet.
25 Robert S. Westfall, 「Newton and the Fudge Factor,」Science 179 (February 23, 1973): 751–58.
26 Murray Allen et al., 「The Accelerations of Daily Living,」Spine (November 1994): 1285–90.
27 Francis Bacon,The New Organon: The First Book, inThe Works of Francis Bacon, ed. James Spedding and Robert Leslie Ellis (London: Longman,1857–70), accessed November 7, 2014, https://www.bartleby .com/242/.
28 R. J. Boscovich,Theiria Philosophiae Naturalis (Venice, 1763), reprinted asA Theory of Natural Philosophy (Chicago: Open Court Publishing, 1922), 281.
29 Westfall,Life of Isaac Newton, 193.
30 Michael White,Rivals: Conflict as the Fuel of Science (London: Vintage,2002), 40–45.
31 Ibid.
32 Westfall,Never at Rest, 645.
33 Daniel Boorstin,The Discoverers (New York: Vintage, 1983), 411.
34 Westfall,Never at Rest, 870.
35 John Emsley,The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006), 14.
36 J. L. Heilbron,Galileo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 360.
37 「Sir Isaac Newton,」 Westminster Abbey, accessed October 28, 2014, www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people /sir-isaac-newton.
8. 物質的構成
1 Joseph Tenenbaum,The Story of a People (New York: Philosophical Library,1952), 195.
2 Paul Strathern,Mendeleev』s Dream (New York: Berkley Books, 2000), 195–98.
3 From an interview I taped with my father, c. 1980. I have many hours of thoseinterviews and have used them as a source for the stories I tell here.
4 J. R. Partington,A Short History of Chemistry, 3rd. ed. (London: Macmillan,1957), 14.
5 Rick Curkeet, 「Wood Combustion Basics,」 EPA Workshop, March 2,2011, accessed October 28, 2014, www.epa.gov/burnwise/workshop2011/WoodCombustion-Curkeet.pdf.
6 Robert Barnes, 「Cloistered Bookworms in the Chicken-Coop of the Muses:The Ancient Library of Alexandria,」 in Roy MacLeod, ed.,The Library atAlexandria: Centre of Learning in the Ancient World (New York: I. B. Tauris,2005), 73.
7 Henry M. Pachter,Magic into Science: The Story of Paracelsus (New York:Henry Schuman, 1951), 167.
8 The definitive biography of Boyle is Louis Trenchard More,The Life andWorks of the Honorable Robert Boyle (London: Oxford University Press,1944). See also William H. Brock,The Norton History of Chemistry (NewYork: W. W. Norton, 1992), 54–74.
9 More,Life and Works, 45, 48.
10 Boyle observed: Brock,Norton History of Chemistry, 56–58.
11 J. D. Bernal,Science in History, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971),462.
12 T. V. Venkateswaran, 「Discovery of Oxygen: Birth of Modern Chemistry,」Science Reporter 48 (April 2011): 34–39.
13 Isabel Rivers and David L. Wykes, eds.,Joseph Priest-ley, Scientist,Philosopher, and Theologian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 33.
14 Charles W. J. Withers,Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking Geographically About the Age of Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 2–6.
15 J. Priestley, 「Observations on Different Kinds of Air,」Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 62 (1772): 147–264.
16 For the life of Lavoisier, see Arthur Donovan,Antoine Lavoisier (Oxford:Blackwell, 1993).
17 Isaac Newton,Opticks, ed. Bernard Cohen (London, 1730; New York: Dover,1952), 394. Newton first publishedOpticks in 1704, but his final thoughts on the matter are represented by the fourth edition, the last revised by Newton himself, which came out in 1730.
18 Donovan,Antoine Lavoisier, 47–49.
19 Ibid., 139. See also Strathern,Mendeleev』s Dream, 225–41.
20 Douglas McKie,Antoine Lavoisier (Philadelphia: J. J. Lippincott, 1935),297–98.
21 J. E. Gilpin, 「Lavoisier Statue in Paris,」American Chemical Journal 25(1901): 435.
22 William D. Williams, 「Gustavus Hinrichs and the Lavoisier Monument,」Bulletin of the History of Chemistry 23 (1999): 47– 49; R. Oesper, 「Once the Reputed Statue of Lavoisier,」Journal of Chemistry Education 22 (1945):October frontispiece; Brock,Norton History of Chemistry, 123–24.
23 Joe Jackson,A World on Fire (New York: Viking, 2007), 335; 「Lavoisier Statue in Paris,」Nature 153 (March 1944): 311.
24 Frank Greenaway,John Dalton and the Atom (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966); Brock,Norton History of Chemistry, 128–60.
25 A. L. Duckworth et al., 「Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,」Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007): 1087–101;Lauren Eskreis-Winkler et al., 「The Grit Effect: Predicting Retention in the Military, the Workplace, School and Marriage,」Frontiers in Psychology 5(February 2014): 1–12.
26 See Strathern,Mendeleev』s Dream; Brock,Norton History of Chemistry,311–54.
27 Kenneth N. Gilpin, 「Luther Simjian Is Dead; Held More Than 92 Patents,」New York Times, November 2, 1997; 「Machine Accepts Bank Deposits,」New York Times, April 12, 1961, 57.
28 Dmitri Mendeleev, 「Ueber die beziehungen der eigenschaften zu den atom gewichten der elemente,」Zeitschrift fur Chemie 12 (1869): 405–6.
9. 生命世界
1 Anthony Serafini,The Epic History of Biology (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus,1993), 126.
2 E. Bianconi et al., 「An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the HumanBody,」Annals of Human Biology 40 (November–December 2013): 463–71.
3 Lee Sweetlove, 「Number of Species on Earth Tagged at 8.7 Million,」Nature,August 23, 2011.
4 「The Food Defect Action Levels,」 Defect Levels Handbook, U.S. Food andDrug Administration, accessed October 28, 2014, https://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatory information/ucm056174.htm.
5 Ibid.
6 「Microbiome: Your Body Houses 10x More Bacteria Than Cells,」Discover,n.d., accessed October 28, 2014, https://discovermagazine.com/galleries/zen-photo/m/microbiome.
7 For Aristotle』s work on biology, see Joseph Singer,A History of Biology toAbout the Year 1900 (New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1959); Lois Magner,AHistory of the Life Sciences, 3rd. ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002).
8 Paulin J. Hountondji,African Philosophy, 2nd ed. (Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press, 1996), 16.
9 Daniel Boorstin,The Discoverers (New York: Vintage, 1983), 327.
10 Magner,History of the Life Sciences, 144.
11 Ruth Moore,The Coil of Life (New York: Knopf, 1961), 77.
12 Tita Chico, 「Gimcrack』s Legacy: Sex, Wealth, and the Theater ofExperimental Philosophy,」Comparative Drama 42 (Spring 2008): 29–49.
13 For Leeuwenhoek』s work on the microscope, see Moore,Coil of Life.
14 Boorstin,The Discoverers, 329–30.
15 Moore,Coil of Life, 79.
16 Boorstin,The Discoverers, 330–31.
17 Moore,Coil of Life, 81.
18 Adriana Stuijt, 「World』s First Microscope Auctioned Off for 312,000 Pounds,」Digital Journal, April 8, 2009, accessed November 7, 2014, https://www.digitaljournal.com/article/270683; Gary J. Laughlin, 「Editorial: Rare Leeuwenhoek Bids for History,」The Microscope 57 (2009): ii.
19 Moore,Coil of Life, 87.
20 「Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632– 1723),」 University of California Museum of Paleontology, accessed October 28, 2014, https://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html.
21 For Darwin』s life, I relied largely on Ronald W. Clark,The Survival of Charles Darwin: A Biography of a Man and an Idea (New York: RandomHouse, 1984); Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne,Charles Darwin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); and Peter J. Bowler,Charles Darwin: The Man and His Influence (Cambridge, U.K.: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1990).
22 「Charles Darwin,」 Westminster Abbey, accessed October 28, 2014, https://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history /people/charles-darwin.
23 Clark,Survival of Charles Darwin, 115.
24 Ibid., 119.
25 Ibid., 15.
26 Ibid., 8.
27 Charles Darwin to W. D. Fox, October 1852, Darwin Correspondence Project, letter 1489, accessed October 28, 2014, https://www .darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-1489.
28 Clark,Survival of Charles Darwin, 10.
29 Ibid., 15.
30 Ibid., 27.
31 Bowler,Charles Darwin: The Man, 50, 53–55.
32 Charles Darwin to W. D. Fox, August 9–12, 1835, Darwin Correspondence Project, letter 282, accessed October 28, 2014, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/entry-282.
33 Desmond, Moore, and Browne,Charles Darwin, 25, 32–34.
34 Ibid., 42.
35 Bowler,Charles Darwin, 73.
36 Adrian J. Desmond,Darwin (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 375–85.
37 Charles Darwin』s memorial of Anne Elizabeth Darwin, 「The Death of Anne Elizabeth Darwin,」 accessed October 28, 2014, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/death-of-anne-darwin.
38 Desmond, Moore, and Browne,Charles Darwin, 44.
39 Ibid., 47.
40 Ibid., 48.
41 Ibid., 49.
42 Anonymous [David Brewster], 「Review ofVestiges of the Natural History of Creation,」North British Review 3 (May–August 1845): 471.
43 Evelleen Richards, 「『Metaphorical Mystifications』: The Romantic Gestation of Nature in British Biology,」 inRomanticism and the Sciences, eds. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Ardine (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 137.
44 「Darwin to Lyell, June 18, 1858,」 inThe Life and Letters of Charles Darwin,Including an Autobiographical Chapter, ed. Francis Darwin (London:John Murray, 1887), available at https://darwin-online .org.uk/converted/published/1887_Letters_F1452/1887_Letters_F1452.2 .html, accessed October 28, 2014.
45 Desmond,Darwin, 470.
46 Desmond, Moore, and Browne,Charles Darwin, 65.
47 Bowler,Charles Darwin, 124–25.
48 Clark,Survival of Charles Darwin, 138–39.
49 Desmond, Moore, and Browne,Charles Darwin, 107.
50 See Magner,History of the Life Sciences, 376–95.
51 Darwin to Alfred Russel Wallace, July 1881, quoted in Bowler,Charles Darwin, 207.
10. 人類體驗的極限
1 In 2013, scientists were finally able to go a step further and 「see」 inpidual molecules reacting. See Dimas G. de Oteyza et al., 「Direct Imaging of Covalent Bond Structure in Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions,」Science340 (June 21, 2013): 1434–37.
2 N iels Blaedel,Harmony and Unity: The Life of Niels Bohr (New York:Springer Verlag, 1988), 37.
3 John Dewey, 「What Is Thought?,」 inHow We Think (Lexington, Mass.:Heath, 1910), 13.
4 Barbara Lovett Cline,The Men Who Made a New Physics (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1965), 34. See also J. L. Heilbron,The Dilemmasof an Upright Man (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 10.
5 Much of the material on Planck comes from Heilbron,Dilemmas of an UprightMan. See also Cline,The Men Who Made a New Physics, 31–64.
6 Heilbron,Dilemmas of an Upright Man, 3.
7 Ibid., 10.
8 Ibid., 5.
9 Leonard Mlodinow and Todd A. Brun, 「Relation Between the Psychologicaland Thermodynamic Arrows of Time,」Physical Review E 89 (2014):052102–10.
10 Heilbron,Dilemmas of an Upright Man, 14.
11 Ibid., 12; Cline,The Men Who Made a New Physics, 36.
12 Richard S. Westfall,Never at Rest (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1980), 462.
13 Ibid.
14 The original quote, often misquoted, is「Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, das ihre Gegner uberzeugt werden und sich als belehrt erklaren, sondern vielmehr dadurch,das ihre Gegner allmahlich aussterben und das die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist.」 Itappeared inWissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie: Mit einem Bildnis und der von Max von Laue gehaltenen Traueransprache (Leipzig: Johann AmbrosiusBarth Verlag, 1948), 22. The translation comes fromMax Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, trans. F. Gaynor (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 33–34.
15 John D. McGervey,Introduction to Modern Physics (New York: Academic Press, 1971), 70.
16 Robert Frost, 「The Black Cottage,」 inNorth of Boston (New York: Henry Holt, 1914), 54.
17 Albert Einstein,Autobiographical Notes (1949; New York: Open Court,1999), 43.
18 Carl Sagan,Broca』s Brain (New York: Random House, 1974), 25.
19 Abraham Pais,Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 45.
20 Ibid., 17–18.
21 Ibid., 31.
22 Ibid., 30–31.
23 Ronald Clark,Einstein: The Life and Times (New York: World Publishing,1971), 52.
24 Pais,Subtle Is the Lord, 382–86.
25 Ibid., 386.
26 Ibid.
27 Jeremy Bernstein,Albert Einstein and the Frontiers of Physics (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996), 83.
11. 看不見的王國
1 Ld Mldi eonaronow,Feynmans』 Rainbow: A Search for Beauty in Physics andin Life (New York: Vintage, 2011), 94–95.
2 Abraham Pais,Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 383.
3 For more on Bohr』s life and science and his relationship with ErnestRutherford, see Niels Blaedel,Harmony and Unity: The Life of Niels Bohr(New York: Springer Verlag, 1988), and Barbara Lovett Cline,The Men WhoMade a New Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 1–30,88–126.
4 「Corpuscles to Electrons,」 American Institute of Physics, accessed October28, 2014, https://www.aip.org /history/electron/jjelectr.htm.
5 R. Sherr, K. T. Bainbridge, and H. H. Anderson, 「Transmutation of Mercuryby Fast Neutrons,」Physical Review 60 (1941): 473–79.
6 John L. Heilbron and Thomas A. Kuhn, 「The Genesis of the Bohr Atom,」 inHistorical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 1, ed. Russell McCormmach(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969), 226.
7 William H. Cropper,Great Physicists: The Life and Times of LeadingPhysicists from Galileo to Hawking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),317.
8 For more on Geiger, see Jeremy Bernstein,Nuclear Weapons: What You Needto Know (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 19–20; andDiana Preston,Before the Fallout: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima (NewYork: Bloomsbury, 2009), 157–58.
9 Actually, it would be a hundred billion tons, for Everest weighs about a billiontons. See 「Neutron Stars,」NASA Mission News, August 23, 2007, accessedOctober 27, 2014, https://www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/GLAST/science/neutronstarsrt.htm.p__
10 John D. McGervey,Introduction to Modern Physics (New York: AcademicPress, 1971), 76.
11 Stanley Jaki,The Relevance of Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), 95.
12 Blaedel,Harmony and Unity, 60.
13 Jaki,Relevance of Physics, 95.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., 96.
16 Blaedel,Harmony and Unity, 78–80; Jagdish Mehra and Helmut Rechenberg,The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, vol. 1 (New York: SpringerVerlag, 1982), 196, 355.
17 Blaedel,Harmony and Unity, 79–80.
12. 量子革命
1 William H. Cropper,Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),252.
2 Ibid.
3 The definitive biography of Heisenberg is David C. Cassidy,Uncertainty: TheLife and Times of Werner Heisenberg (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1992).
4 Ibid., 99–100.
5 Ibid., 100.
6 Olivier Darrigol,From c-Numbers to q-Numbers: The Classical Analogy in theHistory of Quantum Theory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992),218–24, 257, 259; Cassidy,Uncertainty, 184–90.
7 「Failure,」 television commercial, 1997, accessed October 27, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45m MioJ5szc.
8 Lincoln-Douglas Debate at Charleston, Illinois, September 18, 1858, accessedNovember 7, 2014, https://www.nps .gov/liho/historyculture/debate4.htm.
9 Abraham Lincoln, address at Peoria, Illinois, October 16, 1854; see Roy P.Basler, ed.,The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2 (New Brunswick,N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953–55), 256, 266.
10 William A. Fedak and Jeffrey J. Prentis, 「The 1925 Born and Jordan Paper 『OnQuantum Mechanics,』」American Journal of Physics 77 (February 2009):128–39.
11 Niels Blaedel,Harmony and Unity: The Life of Niels Bohr (New York:Springer Verlag, 1988), 111.
12 Max Born,My Life and Views (New York: Charles Scribner』s Sons, 1968), 48.
13 Mara Beller,Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1999), 22.
14 Cassidy,Uncertainty, 198.
15 Abraham Pais,Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 463.
16 Cassidy,Uncertainty, 203.
17 Charles P. Enz,No Time to Be Brief (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010),134.
18 Blaedel,Harmony and Unity, 111–12.
19 Walter Moore,A Life of Erwin Schrodinger (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 138.
20 Ibid., 149.
21 Ibid.
22 Wallace Stevens, 「Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,」Collected Poems (1954; New York: Vintage, 1982), 92.
23 Pais,Subtle Is the Lord, 442.
24 Cassidy,Uncertainty, 215.
25 Ibid.
26 Moore,Life of Erwin Schrodinger, 145.
27 Albert Einstein to Max Born, December 4, 1926, inThe Born-Einstein Letters ,ed. M. Born (New York: Walker, 1971), 90.
28 Pais,Subtle Is the Lord, 443.
29 Ibid., 31.
30 Ibid., 462.
31 Graham Farmelo,The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 219–20.
32 Cassidy,Uncertainty, 393.
33 Ibid., 310.
34 Moore,Life of Erwin Schrodinger, 213–14.
35 Philipp Frank,Einstein: His Life and Times (Cambridge, Mass.: Da CapoPress, 2002), 226.
36 Michael Balter, 「Einstein』s Brain Was Unusual in Several Respects, Rarely Seen Photos Show,」Washington Post, November 26, 2012.
37 Farmelo,The Strangest Man, 219.
38 Cassidy,Uncertainty, 306.
39 Cassidy,Uncertainty, 421–29.
後記
1 Martin Gardner, 「Mathematical Games,」Scientific American, June 1961,168–70.
2 Alain de Botton,The Consolations of Philosophy (New York: Vintage, 2000),20–23.